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| LaThuid: | US-Dk2 |
| Site Name: | Duke Forest-hardwoods |
| Network: | AmeriFlux |
| Sec. Network(s): | Unknown |
| Latitude: | 35.9736 |
| Longitude: | -79.1004 |
| Elevation(m): | 168 |
| IGBP: | DBF |
| Description | This site is classified as an uneven-aged (80–100-year old) oak (Quercus) – hickory (Carya) forest with L. styraciflua and Liriodendron tulipifera L. also contributing to the canopy and a diverse understory. The ecosystem has not been managed after establishment. Height averaged 25m in 2006 with some emergent treetops reaching over 35 m, and the canopy has large and frequent gaps. Eddy covariance instrumentation is at 39.8m on a 42m tall tower. There was an 11.9 ha clearcut 200 m south of the measurement tower on private land adjacent to the Duke Forest in November 2002 |
| Site Citation: | |
| Site Acknowledgment: | |
| Data Usage Note: | TBA |
| Primary Contact: | Gaby Katul |
| Curator: | Tom Boden |
| Anc Curator: | Tom Boden |
| Years Of Data: | 3 (Duration: 2003 - 2005) |
| Tower Status: | Active (2003 - Present) |
| Site image(s): | Image |
| VE Cutouts: | Max Zoom :: Mid 1 Zoom :: Mid 2 Zoom :: Min Zoom |
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| Coordinator | Title | Collaborators | Topic |
| Andrew Richardson | Exploring relationships among carbon exchange, foliar nitrogen, and canopy albedo at global scales | Richardson; Ollinger; Martin; Hollinger | |
| Sonia Seneviratne | Multi-scale land-atmosphere interactions | Seneviratne; Reichstein; Ciais; Buchmann; Stockli | Biophysical feedbacks, Drought effects |
| Barbara Koestner | Water vapour flux partitioning related to climate, global ecosystem types and vegetation structure | Koestner; Bernhofer; Knohl; Lindroth | H2O |
| Timothy W. Hilton | What is the spatial and temporal coherence of flux tower signals | Hilton; Davis; Ciais; Desai | Up-scaling, regional, process-oriented |
| Christopher A. Williams | Carbon Dioxide and Water Flux Responses to Extreme Weather and Climate Anomalies | Williams; Munger; Hollinger; Stoy; Richardson; Schaefer; Stockli; Schwalm | Temporal variability; extremes |
| Christian Bernhofer | Analyzing long-term FLUXNET measurements for reliable ET values across ecosystems types and across climatic regions | Bernhofer; Koestner; Knohl; Lindroth; Grünwald; Riedel | H2O |
| Chuixiang Yi | Climate control of terrestrial carbon sequestration | Yi; Ricciuto; Monson | |
| Margriet Groenendijk | Seasonal variation of plant functional type photosynthetic parameters derived directly from global Fluxnet eddy covariance data | Groenendijk; Dolman | |
| Andrew Jarvis | A data-based cross-site evaluation of (optimal) carbon gain and water use strategies as expressed in FLUXNET eddy covariance data | Jarvis;Stauch | C-H2O |
| Philippe Ciais | What the eddy-covariance flux measurements tell us about prior errors in CO2-flux inversion schemes | Chevallier; Ciais; Maignan; Wang; Reichstein | |
| Enrico Tomelleri | Climatic effects on the inter‐annual variability of net ecosystem fluxes of North America and Europe | Tomelleri; Migliavacca; Carvalhais | |
| Dario Papale | A new global spatialized estimate of NEP, GPP and TER and analysis of uncertainty and limiting factors using data driven models and eddy covariance measurements | Papale, Reichstein, Tomelleri | Up-scaling, global, data-oriented |
| Margriet Groenendijk | Assessing parameter variability in a photosynthesis model within and between plant functional types using global Fluxnet eddy covariance data | Groenendijk; Dolman; van der Molen; Arneth; Gash; Leuning; Lindroth; Richardson; Wohlfahrt | |
| Margriet Groenendijk | Global variation of ecosystem (intrinsic) water use efficiency | Groenendijk; Dolman | |
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| Instruments | Brand/model | Levels/depths | Type | Frequency | Comment | Reference |
| (Other) | | profile 5 levels | | | | Hank Loescher, February 2005 |
| Anemometer | Campbell: CSAT3 | | 3-D, sonic | | | Hank Loescher, February 2005 |
| Gas Analyzer | LI-COR: LI-6262 | | CO2/H2O, infrared | | | Hank Loescher, February 2005 |
| Plant canopy analyzer | LI-COR: LAI-2000 | | | | | Ameriflux web page |
| Quantum sensor | LI-COR: LI-190SB | | | sampled @ 30s averaged 1/2 hrly. | rings 4 and 5, above the canopy | Ameriflux web page |
| Radiometer | REBS: Q*7.1 | above the canopy | net | sampled @ 30s averaged 1/2 hrly. | the measurement is not corrected for wind speed therefore -1.6-+4.3% error | Ameriflux web page |
| Rain gauge | Texas Electronics: TE525 | Overstory, ring4 | tipping bucket | sampled @ 30s averaged 1/2 hrly. | +/- 1% @ <10mm/hr; +/- 3% @ 10-20mm/hr; +/- 5% @ 20-30 mm/hr | Ameriflux web page |
| Resistance blocks | | | | sampled @ 30s averaged 1/2 hrly. | Watermark, valid up to -0.2 Mpa) blocks are in parallel with Theta probes | Ameriflux web page |
| Sap flow meter | | | | | Granier-type | Ameriflux web page |
| Soil heat flux plates | REBS | 1 cm below the ground | | sampled @ 30s averaged 1/2 hrly. | | Ameriflux web page |
| Temperature and relative humidity probe | Vaisala: HMP35C | | | | | Hank Loescher, February 2005 |
| Vaisala: HMP35C | rings 1-6, 2/3 of canopy height | | sampled @ 30s averaged 1/2 hrly. | +/-.4 deg C@ -24deg to 48 deg C | Ameriflux web page |
| Thermistor | | 10-12 cm depth at one point in each ring | | | +/-0.4% from -40 deg. C to +100 deg C | Ameriflux web page |
| Time domain reflectometer | Campbell: CS615 | rings 1-6 | | sampled @ 30s averaged 1/2 hrly. | +/- 2% for instrument and +/- an additional .8% since no temperature corrrection is used, Delta-T devices, The 30 cm rods are installed vertically from the soil surface while the 6 cm rods are installed vertically at 15 cm from the soil surface. | Ameriflux web page |
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| Bibliography |
| N.-H. Oh, D.D. Richter / Geoderma 126 (2005) 5–25 |
| R. Oren; C. I. Hsieh; P. Stoy; J. Albertson; H. R. McCarthy; P. Harrell; G. G. Katul. 2006. Estimating the uncertainty in annual net ecosystem carbon exchange: spatial variation in turbulent fluxes and sampling errors in eddy-covariance measurementsGlobal Change Biology. 12, 883-896. |
| John R. Butnor; Kurt H. Johnsen; Chris A. Maier. 2005. Soil properties differently influence estimates of soil CO2 efflux from three chamber-based measurement systemsBiogeochemistry. 73:1, 283-301. |
| B. Bond-Lamberty; C. K. Wang; S. T. Gower. 2004. A global relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration?Global Change Biology. 10:10, 1756-1766. |
| D. S. Ellsworth; P. B. Reich; E. S. Naumburg; G. W. Koch; M. E. Kubiske; S. D. Smith. 2004. Photosynthesis, carboxylation and leaf nitrogen responses of 16 species to elevated pCO(2) across four free-air CO2 enrichment experiments in forest, grassland and desertGlobal Change Biology. 10:12, 2121-2138. |
| G. Katul; R. Leuning; R. Oren. 2003. Relationship between plant hydraulic and biochemical properties derived from a steady-state coupled water and carbon transport modelPlant, Cell and Environment. 26:3, 339-350. |
| (1) Juang J-Y, A. Porporato, P.C. Stoy, M.B.S. Siqueira, A.C. Oishi, M. Detto, H.S. Kim, and G.G. Katul, 2007, Hydrologic and atmospheric controls on convective precipitation events in a southeastern US mosaic landscape, Water Resources Research, W03421, doi:10.1029/2006WR004954. |
| (2) Novick, K.A., Oren, R., Stoy, P.C., Siqueira, M.S. and Katul, G., 2008. Nocturnal evapotranspiration in eddy covariance records from three co-located ecosystems in the Southeastern U.S.: The effect of gapfilling methods on estimates of annual fluxes. in review. |
| (3) Oishi, A.C., Oren, R. and Stoy, P., 2008. Estimating components of forest evapotranspiration: A footprint approach for scaling sap flux measurements Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, In Revision, In Revision. |
| (4) Pataki, D.E. and Oren, R., 2003. Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest. Advances in Water Resources, 26(12): 1267-1278. |
| (5) Siqueira, M.B., G.G. Katul, A. Sampson, P. Stoy, J.Y. Juang, H. McCarthy, and R. Oren, 2006, Multi-scale model inter-comparison of CO2 and H2O exchange rates above a maturing southeastern pine forest. Global Change Biology, 12, 1-19, doi: 10.1111. |