Site Info :: US-PFa

General Site Information
LaThuid:	US-PFa
Site Name:	Park Falls/WLEF
Network:	AmeriFlux
Sec. Network(s):	Unknown
Latitude:	45.9459
Longitude:	-90.2723
Elevation(m):	470
IGBP:	MF
Description	The flux footprint encompasses a highly heterogeneous landscape of upland forests and wetlands (forested and nonforested). The forests are mainly deciduous but also include substantial coniferous coverage. The upland/lowland variability occurs on spatial scales of a few hundred meters. This heterogeneous landscape is further complicated by a nonuniform, small scale mosaic of thinning and clearcutting of the forest. At larger scales (1 km or greater) the forest cover mosaic is quite homogeneous for many kilometers. The site was chosen not for study of a simple stand, but for upscaling experiments. The daytime fetch of flux measurements from the 396m level is on the order of 5-10 km, yielding a flux footprint roughly 100x the area of a typical stand-level flux tower. AC power (tower is a TV transmitter).
Site Citation:
Site Acknowledgment:
Data Usage Note:	TBA
Primary Contact:	Kenneth J. Davis
Curator:	Tom Boden
Anc Curator:	Tom Boden
Years Of Data:	6 (Duration: 1996 - 2003)
Tower Status:	Active (1996 - Present)
Site image(s):	Image
VE Cutouts:	Max Zoom :: Mid 1 Zoom :: Mid 2 Zoom :: Min Zoom

Fluxnet Research Proposals Using this Site
Coordinator	Title	Collaborators	Topic
Sonia Seneviratne	Multi-scale land-atmosphere interactions	Seneviratne; Reichstein; Ciais; Buchmann; Stockli	Biophysical feedbacks, Drought effects
Timothy W. Hilton	What is the spatial and temporal coherence of flux tower signals	Hilton; Davis; Ciais; Desai	Up-scaling, regional, process-oriented
Christopher A. Williams	Carbon Dioxide and Water Flux Responses to Extreme Weather and Climate Anomalies	Williams; Munger; Hollinger; Stoy; Richardson; Schaefer; Stockli; Schwalm	Temporal variability; extremes
Christian Bernhofer	Analyzing long-term FLUXNET measurements for reliable ET values across ecosystems types and across climatic regions	Bernhofer; Koestner; Knohl; Lindroth; Grünwald; Riedel	H2O
Andrew Richardson	Exploring relationships among carbon exchange, foliar nitrogen, and canopy albedo at global scales	Richardson; Ollinger; Martin; Hollinger
Mirco Migliavacca	Semi-empirical modelling of ecosystem respiration: review, improved algorithm and integration with Earth observation data	Migliavacca; Reichstein; Richardson; Lasslop	Ecosytem respiration; spatio-temporal
Gitta Lasslop	Extended hyperbolic light response curve including VPD effects to derive GPP estimates mainly based on daytime data	Lasslop; Reichstein; Papale
Chuixiang Yi	Climate control of terrestrial carbon sequestration	Yi; Ricciuto; Monson
Andrew Jarvis	A data-based cross-site evaluation of (optimal) carbon gain and water use strategies as expressed in FLUXNET eddy covariance data	Jarvis;Stauch	C-H2O
Miguel D. Mahecha	Time scale dependent parameter estimation: principle and example elaboration in an model-eddy covariance data fusion experiment	Mahecha; Reichstein; Carvalhais; Lasslop; Lange; Seneviratne
ShiLong Piao	Effect of snow change on the C balance in various northern ecosystems	Piao;Ciais;Reichstein;Luyssaert	Snow effects; Boreal-Tundra
Christian Beer	Upscaling mean annual GPP from ecosystem level to the global land surface	Beer; Tomelleri; Reichstein; Carvalhais; Jung; Papale; Peylin; Ciais
Philippe Ciais	What the eddy-covariance flux measurements tell us about prior errors in CO2-flux inversion schemes	Chevallier; Ciais; Maignan; Wang; Reichstein
Martin Jung	Identifying environmental and biophysical controls of monthly carbon and water fluxes	Jung; Reichstein; Papale; Tomelleri
Enrico Tomelleri	Climatic effects on the inter‐annual variability of net ecosystem fluxes of North America and Europe	Tomelleri; Migliavacca; Carvalhais
Dario Papale	A new global spatialized estimate of NEP, GPP and TER and analysis of uncertainty and limiting factors using data driven models and eddy covariance measurements	Papale, Reichstein, Tomelleri	Up-scaling, global, data-oriented

Local Climate Information
Climate:	Dfb
Climate Group:	Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers
Precip:	823.39
TA(C):	4.33
TA(C) max:	10.14
TA(C) min:	-1.48

Instrument Information
Instruments	Brand/model	Levels/depths	Type	Frequency	Comment	Reference
Anemometer	ATI: SATI/3K	2, 12.2, 24.4, and 29.6 m	sonic			http://cheas.psu.edu
Barometer	Vaisala: PTB101B				AIR analog
Gas Analyzer	LI-COR: LI-6251	11,30,76,122,244, and 396 m	CO2, infrared			http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/park.html
	LI-COR: LI-6262	30, 122, and 396 m above ground	CO2/H2O, infrared			http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/park.html
Leaf wetness sensing grid
Quantum sensor	LI-COR	2, 7.6, 12.2, 18.3, 29.6 m				http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/park.html
Radiometer	REBS	2, 29.6 m				Hank Loescher, February 2005
Rain gauge	Campbell: CSI		tipping bucket			http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/park.html
Soil moisture probe	Campbell: CSI	0-30 cm, 50-80 cm				http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/park.html
Temperature and relative humidity probe	Vaisala: HMP35C					Hank Loescher, February 2005
	Vaisala: HMP35C	30, 122, 296 m				Hank Loescher, February 2005
Thermocouple		surface, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 cm				http://cheas.psu.edu

Bibliography

K. J. Davis;P. S. Bakwin;C. X. Yi;B. W. Berger;C. L. Zhao;R. M. Teclaw;J. G. Isebrands. 2003. The annual cycles of CO2 and H2O exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower, Global Change Biology, 9:9. 1278-1293;

C. Yi;K. J. Davis;P. S. Bakwin;A. S. Denning;N. Zhang;A. Desai;J. C. Lin;C. Gerbig. 2004. Observed covariance between ecosystem carbon exchange and atmospheric boundary layer dynamics at a site in northern Wisconsin, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 109:D8. ;

C. Yi;R. Li;P. S. Bakwin;A. Desai;D. M. Ricciuto;S.P. Burns;A. A. Turnipseed;S. C. Wofsy;J. W. Munger;K. Wilson;R. K. Monson. 2004. A nonparametric method for separating photosynthesis and respiration components in CO2 flux measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, 31:17. L17107

; M. D. Hurwitz;D. M. Ricciuto;P. S. Bakwin;K. J. Davis;W. G. Wang;C. X. Yi;M. P. Butler. 2004. Transport of carbon dioxide in the presence of storm systems over a Northern Wisconsin forest, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61:5. 607-618;

P.S. Bakwin;K. J. Davis;C. Yi;S.C. Wofsy;J. W. Munger;L. Haszpra;Z. Barcza. 2004. Regional carbon dioxide fluxes from mixing ratio data, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 56B:4. 301-311;

A. S. Denning;M. Nicholls;L. Prihodko;I. Baker;P. L. Vidale;K. Davis;P. Bakwin. 2003. Simulated variations in atmospheric CO2 over a Wisconsin forest using a coupled ecosystem-atmosphere model, Global Change Biology, 9:9. 1241-1250;

C. Werner;K. Davis;P. Bakwin;C. X. Yi;D. Hurst;L. Lock. 2003. Regional-scale measurements of CH4 exchange from a tall tower over a mixed temperate/boreal lowland and wetland forest, Global Change Biology, 9:9. 1251-1261;

I. Baker;A. S. Denning;N. Hanan;L. Prihodko;M. Uliasz;P. L. Vidale;K. Davis;P. Bakwin. 2003. Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat and CO2 at the WLEF-TV tower using SiB2.5, Global Change Biology, 9:9. 1262-1277;

D. S. MacKay;D. E. Ahl;B. E. Ewers;S. T. Gower;S. N. Burrows;S. Samanta;K. J. Davis. 2002. Effects of aggregated classifications of forest composition on estimates of evapotranspiration in a northern Wisconsin forest, Global Change Biology, 8:12. 1253-1265;

A. D. Richardson; D. Y. Hollinger; G. G. Burba; K. J. Davis; L. B. Flanagan; G. G. Katul; J. W. Munger; D. M. Ricciuto; P. C. Stoy; A. E. Suyker; S. B. Verma; S. C. Wofsy. 2006. A multi-site analysis of random error in tower-based measurements of carbon and energy fluxesAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 136:1-2, 1-18.

B. D. Cook; K. J. Davis; W. G. Wang; A. Desai; B. W. Berger; R. M. Teclaw; J. G. Martin; P. V. Bolstad; P. S. Bakwin; C. X. Yi; W. Heilman. 2004. Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USAAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 126:3-4, 271-295.

B. W. Berger; K. J. Davis; C. X. Yi; P. S. Bakwin; C. L. Zhao. 2001. Long-term carbon dioxide fluxes from a very tall tower in a northern forest: Flux measurement methodologyJournal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 18:4, 529-542.

C. X. Yi; K. J. Davis; B. W. Berger; P. S. Bakwin. 2001. Long-term observations of the dynamics of the continental planetary boundary layerJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 58:10, 1288-1299.