General Site Information
LaThuid:US-WBW
Site Name:Walker Branch Watershed
Network:AmeriFlux
Sec. Network(s):Unknown
Latitude:35.9588
Longitude:-84.2874
Elevation(m):283
IGBP:DBF
DescriptionThe stand is over 50 years old, having regenerated from agricultural land.This site is located near Oak Ridge, Tennessee near the Walker Branch Watershed.
Site Citation:
Site Acknowledgment:
Data Usage Note:TBA
Primary Contact:Tilden Meyers
Curator:Tom Boden
Anc Curator:Tom Boden
Years Of Data:5 (Duration: 1995 - 1999)
Tower Status:Inactive (1995 - 1999)
Site image(s):Image
VE Cutouts:Max Zoom :: Mid 1 Zoom :: Mid 2 Zoom :: Min Zoom

Fluxnet Research Proposals Using this Site
CoordinatorTitleCollaboratorsTopic
Sonia SeneviratneMulti-scale land-atmosphere interactionsSeneviratne; Reichstein; Ciais; Buchmann; StockliBiophysical feedbacks, Drought effects
Andrew RichardsonExploring relationships among carbon exchange, foliar nitrogen, and canopy albedo at global scalesRichardson; Ollinger; Martin; Hollinger
Barbara KoestnerWater vapour flux partitioning related to climate, global ecosystem types and vegetation structureKoestner; Bernhofer; Knohl; LindrothH2O
Christopher A. WilliamsCarbon Dioxide and Water Flux Responses to Extreme Weather and Climate AnomaliesWilliams; Munger; Hollinger; Stoy; Richardson; Schaefer; Stockli; SchwalmTemporal variability; extremes
Christian BernhoferAnalyzing long-term FLUXNET measurements for reliable ET values across ecosystems types and across climatic regionsBernhofer; Koestner; Knohl; Lindroth; Grünwald; RiedelH2O
Gitta LasslopExtended hyperbolic light response curve including VPD effects to derive GPP estimates mainly based on daytime dataLasslop; Reichstein; Papale
Chuixiang YiClimate control of terrestrial carbon sequestrationYi; Ricciuto; Monson
Andrew JarvisA data-based cross-site evaluation of (optimal) carbon gain and water use strategies as expressed in FLUXNET eddy covariance dataJarvis;StauchC-H2O
Miguel D. MahechaTime scale dependent parameter estimation: principle and example elaboration in an model-eddy covariance data fusion experimentMahecha; Reichstein; Carvalhais; Lasslop; Lange; Seneviratne
Christian BeerUpscaling mean annual GPP from ecosystem level to the global land surfaceBeer; Tomelleri; Reichstein; Carvalhais; Jung; Papale; Peylin; Ciais
Philippe CiaisWhat the eddy-covariance flux measurements tell us about prior errors in CO2-flux inversion schemesChevallier; Ciais; Maignan; Wang; Reichstein
Enrico TomelleriClimatic effects on the inter‐annual variability of net ecosystem fluxes of North America and EuropeTomelleri; Migliavacca; Carvalhais
Dario PapaleA new global spatialized estimate of NEP, GPP and TER and analysis of uncertainty and limiting factors using data driven models and eddy covariance measurementsPapale, Reichstein, TomelleriUp-scaling, global, data-oriented

Local Climate Information
Climate:Cfa
Climate Group:SubTropical-Mediterranean
Precip:1372.05
TA(C):13.71
TA(C) max:20.2
TA(C) min:7.15

Instrument Information
InstrumentsBrand/modelLevels/depthsTypeFrequencyCommentReference
AnemometerR. M. Young: 81000VAbove and below canopyultrasonicTilden Meyers, January 2005
BarometerVaisala: PTB101BTilden Meyers, January 2005
Gas AnalyzerATDD/NOAABelowTilden Meyers, January 2005
LI-COR: LI-7500AboveCO2/H2O, open-pathTilden Meyers, January 2005
HygrometerATDD/NOAA: GcapAboveTilden Meyers, January 2005
Leaf wetness sensing gridCampbell: CS237Tilden Meyers, January 2005
PyranometerEppley: PSPHank Loescher, February 2005
Quantum sensorApogee: QSOAboveTilden Meyers, January 2005
LI-COR: LI-190SBBelowTilden Meyers, January 2005
RadiometerKipp & Zonen: CNR 1AbovenetHank Loescher, February 2005
Kipp & Zonen: CNR 1AbovenetTilden Meyers, January 2005
REBSBelowTilden Meyers, January 2005
Rain gaugeHydrological Services: TB3tipping bucketTilden Meyers, January 2005
Soil heat flux platesHukseflux: HFP01SCTilden Meyers, January 2005
Temperature and relative humidity probeVaisala: HMP50YBelowTilden Meyers, January 2005
ThermocoupleTilden Meyers, January 2005
Apogee: IRTS-PTilden Meyers, January 2005
Thermocouple probeATDD/NOAATilden Meyers, January 2005
ThermometerThermometrics: PRTAbovePlatinum resistanceTilden Meyers, January 2005
Wind SensorR. M. Young: 5103Tilden Meyers, January 2005

Publications
Bibliography
J. W. Curlin; D. J. Nelson. 1968. Walker Branch Watershed Project: objectives, facilities and ecological characteristicsORNL/TM-2271.
D. Baldocchi. 1997. Flux footprints within and over forest canopiesBoundary-Layer Meteorology. 85:2, 273.
G. S. Henderson; A. Hunley; W. Selvidge. 1977. Nutrient discharge from Walker Branch WatershedWatershed Research in Eastern North America: A workshop to compare results. 307-320.
Paul J. Hanson; Stan D. Wullschleger; Richard J. Norby; Timothy J. Tschaplinski; Carla A. Gunderson. 2005. Importance of changing CO2, temperature, precipitation, and ozone on carbon and water cycles of an upland-oak forest: incorporating experimental results into model simulationsGlobal Change Biology. 11:9, 1402-1423.
B. Bond-Lamberty; C. K. Wang; S. T. Gower. 2004. A global relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration?Global Change Biology. 10:10, 1756-1766.
C. Yi; R. Li; P. S. Bakwin; A. Desai; D. M. Ricciuto; S.P. Burns; A. A. Turnipseed; S. C. Wofsy; J. W. Munger; K. Wilson; R. K. Monson. 2004. A nonparametric method for separating photosynthesis and respiration components in CO2 flux measurementsGeophysical Research Letters. 31:17, L17107.
L. H. Gu; W. M. Post; A. W. King. 2004. Fast labile carbon turnover obscures sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration from soil to temperature: A model analysisGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles. 18:1.
D. F. Hui; S. Q. Wan; B. Su; G. Katul; R. Monson; Y. Q. Luo. 2004. Gap-filling missing data in eddy covariance measurements using multiple imputation (MI) for annual estimationsAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 121:1-2, 93-111.
R. Matamala; M. A. Gonzalez-Meler; J. D. Jastrow; R. J. Norby; W. H. Schlesinger. 2004. Response to comment on ""Impacts of fine root turnover on forest NPP and soil C sequestration potential""Science. 304:5678.
Matamala, R.; Gonzalez-Meler, M. A.; Jastrow, J. D.; Norby, R. J.; Schlesinger, W. H.. 2004. Response to comment on Impacts of fine root turnover on forest NPP and soil C sequestration potentialScience. 304:5678: June 18, 2004, 1385-1387.
S. B. McLaughlin; S. D. Wullschleger; M. Nosal. 2003. Diurnal and seasonal changes in stem increment and water use by yellow poplar trees in response to environmental stressTree Physiology. 23:16, 1125-1136.
R. Matamala; M. A. Gonzalez-Meler; J. D. Jastrow; R. J. Norby; W. H. Schlesinger. 2003. Impacts of fine root turnover on forest NPP and soil C sequestration potentialScience. 302:5649, 1385-1387.
D.D. Baldocchi; D.R. Bowling. 2003. Modelling the discrimination of 13CO2 above and within a temperate broad-leaved forest canopy on hourly to seasonal time scalesPlant, Cell and Environment. 26:2, 231-244.
E. A. Davidson; K. Savage; P. Bolstad; D. A. Clark; P. S. Curtis; D. S. Ellsworth; P. J. Hanson; B. E. Law; Y. Luo; K. S. Pregitzer; J. C. Randolph; D. Zak. 2002. Belowground carbon allocation in forests estimated from litterfall and IRGA-based soil respiration measurementsAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 113:1-4, 39-51.
D. D. Baldocchi; K. B. Wilson; L. H. Gu. 2002. How the environment, canopy structure and canopy physiological functioning influence carbon, water and energy fluxes of a temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest-an assessment with the biophysical model CANOAKTree Physiology. 22:15-16, 1065-1077.
K. B. Wilson; P. J. Hanson; P. J. Mulholland; D. D. Baldocchi; S. D. Wullschleger. 2001. A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balanceAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 106:2, 153-168.
P. J. Hanson; D. E. Todd; J. S. Amthor. 2001. A six-year study of sapling and large-tree growth and mortality responses to natural and induced variability in precipitation and throughfallTree Physiology. 21:6, 345-358.
D. Baldocchi; E. Falge; K. Wilson. 2001. A spectral analysis of biosphere-atmosphere trace gas flux densities and meteorological variables across hour to multi- year time scalesAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 107:1, 1-27.
K. B. Wilson; D. D. Baldocchi. 2001. Comparing independent estimates of carbon dioxide exchange over 5 years at a deciduous forest in the southeastern United StatesJournal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 106:D24, 34167-34178.
K. B. Wilson; D. D. Baldocchi; P. J. Hanson. 2001. Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forestPlant, Cell and Environment. 24:6, 571-583.
D. D. Baldocchi; K. B. Wilson. 2001. Modeling CO2 and water vapor exchange of a temperate broadleaved forest across hourly to decadal time scalesEcological Modelling. 142:1-2, 155-184.
K. B. Wilson; T. P. Meyers. 2001. The spatial variability of energy and carbon dioxide fluxes at the floor of a deciduous forestBoundary-Layer Meteorology. 98:3, 443-473.
K. B. Wilson; P. J. Hanson; D. D. Baldocchi. 2000. Factors controlling evaporation and energy partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycleAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 102:2-3, 83-103.
K. B. Wilson; D. D. Baldocchi. 2000. Seasonal and interannual variability of energy fluxes over a broadleaved temperate deciduous forest in North AmericaAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 100, 1-18.
K. B. Wilson; D. D. Baldocchi; P. J. Hanson. 2000. Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forestTree Physiology. 20:9, 565-578.
D. R. Bowling; D. D. Baldocchi; R. K. Monson. 1999. Dynamics of isotopic exchange of carbon dioxide in a Tennessee deciduous forestGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles. 13:4, 903-922.
J. Canadell; H. Mooney; D. Baldocchi; J. Berry; J. Ehleringer; C. Field; T. Gower; D. Hollinger; J. Hunt; R. Jackson; G. Shaver; S. Trumbore; R. Valentini; B. Yoder. 1999. Ecosystem metabolism and the global carbon cycleBioscience. 14 ::(6), 249-249.
Y. Malhi; D. D. Baldocchi; P. G. Jarvis. 1999. The carbon balance of tropical, temperate and boreal forestsPlant, Cell and Environment. 22:6, 715-740.
D. D. Baldocchi; J. S. Amthor. 1998. Canopy Photosynthesis: History, measurements and modelsTerrestrial Global Productivity: Past, Present and Future.
Y. Malhi; D. D. Baldocchi; P. G. Jarvis. 1998. Carbon sinks in tropical, temperate and boreal forests: three case studiesPlant, Cell and Environment.
R. Valentini; D. Baldocchi; J. Tenhunen. 1998. Ecological Controls on Land Surface Atmospheric InteractionsIntegrating Hydrology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Biogeochemistry in Complex Landscapes.
M. R. Raupach; D. D. Baldocchi; H. Bolle; L. Dumenil; W. Eugster; F. Meixner; J. Olejnik; R. Pielke; J. Tenhunen; R. Valentini. 1998. How is the atmospheric coupling of land survaces affected by topography, complexity in landscape patterning and the vegetation mosaic?Integrating Hydrology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Biogeochemistry in Complex Landscapes.
D. D. Baldocchi; T. P. Meyers. 1998. On using eco-physiological, micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide, water vapor and gaseous deposition fluxes over vegetationAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 90, 1-26.
J. S. Amthor; D. D. Baldocchi. 1998. Terrestrial Higher-Plant Respiration and Net Primary ProductionTerrestrial Global Productivity: Past, Present and Future.
D. R. Bowling; A. A. Turnipseed; A. C. Delany; D. D. Baldocchi; J. P. Greenberg; R. K. Monson. 1998. The use of relaxed eddy accumulation to measure biosphere- atmosphere exchange of isoprene and of her biological trace gasesOecologia. 116:3, 306-315.
P. Harley; A. Guenther; P. Zimmerman. 1997. Environmental controls over isoprene emission in deciduous oak canopiesTree Physiology. 17:11, 705.
D. D. Baldocchi. 1997. Measuring and modeling carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange over a temperate broad-leaved forest during the 1995 summer droughtPlant, Cell and Environment. 20, 1108-1122.
Dennis D. Baldocchi; Christoph A. Vogel. 1996. Energy and Carbon Dioxide Flux Densities Above and Below a Temperate Broad-leaved Forest and a Boreal Pine ForestTree Physiology. 16, 5-16.
S. Greco; D. D. Baldocchi. 1996. Seasonal variations of CO2 and water vapour exchange rates over a temperate deciduous forestGlobal Change Biology. 2:3, 183-197.
D. D. Baldocchi; P. C. Harley. 1995. Scaling carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest: model testing and applicationPlant, Cell and Environment. 18, 1157-1173.
P. C. Harley; D. D. Baldocchi. 1995. Scaling carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest:leaf level parameterizationPlant, Cell and Environment. 18, 1146-1156.
D. D. Baldocchi; T. P. Meyers. 1991. Trace gas-exchange above the floor of a deciduous forest .1. Evaporation and CO2 effluxJournal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 96:D4, 7271-7285.
B. B. Hicks; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen; J. D. Womack; M. L. Wesely; R. L. Hart; D. R. Cook; S. E. Lindberg; R. G. Depena; D. W. Thomson. 1989. A field investigation of sulfate fluxes to a deciduous forestJournal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. 94:D10, 13003.
H. J. Wang; D. D. Baldocchi. 1989. A numerical-model for simulating the radiation regime within a deciduous forest canopyAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 46:4, 313-337.
D. D. Baldocchi. 1989. Turbulence transfer in a deciduous forestTree Physiology. 5, 357-377.
D. D. Baldocchi; T. P. Meyers. 1988. A spectral and lag correlation analysis of turbulence in a deciduous forest canopyBoundary Layer Meteorology. 45, 31-58.
D. D. Baldocchi; B. B. Hicks; T. P. Meyers. 1988. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methodsEcology. 69:5, 1331-1340.
D. D. Baldocchi; T. P. Meyers. 1988. Turbulence structure in a deciduous forestBoundary-Layer Meteorology. 43:4, 345-365.
D. D. Baldocchi; B. B. Hicks; P. Camara. 1987. A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfacesAtmospheric Environment. 21, 91-101.
L. K. Balick; B. A. Hutchison. 1986. Directional thermal infrared exitance distributions from a leafless deciduous forestRemote Sensing. 693-698.
D. D. Baldocchi; S. B. Verma; D. E. Anderson; D. R. Matt. 1986. Eddy correlation measurements of CO2 efflux from the floor of an oak hickory forestJournal of Applied Ecology. 23, 967-977.
S. B. Verma; D. D. Baldocchi; D. E. Anderson; D. R. Matt; R. J. Clement. 1986. Eddy fluxes of CO2, water vapor and sensible heat over a deciduous forestBoundary-Layer Meteorology. 36, 71-91.
D. D. Baldocchi; B. A. Hutchison. 1986. On estimating canopy photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in a deciduous forest with clumped foliageTree Physiology. 2, 155-168.
D. D. Baldocchi; B. A. Hutchison; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen. 1986. Seasonal variations in the statistics of photosynthetically active radiation penetration in an oak hickory forestAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 36, 343-361.
B. A. Hutchinson; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen; L. J. Gross; S. J. Tajchman; J. M. Norman. 1986. The architecture of a deciduous forest canopy in eastern TennesseeJournal of Ecology. 74, 635-676.
D. D. Baldocchi; B. A. Hutchison; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen. 1985. Canopy radiative transfer models for spherical and known leaf inclination angle distributions: a test in an oak-hickory forestJournal of Applied Ecology. 22, 539-555.
D. D. Baldocchi; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen; B. A. Hutchsion. 1985. Evapotranspiration from an oak-hickory forestProceedings of the National Conference on Advances in Evapotranspiration, December 16-17, 1985, Chicago, Illinois. 414-422.
D. D. Baldocchi; B. A. Hutchison; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen. 1984. Seasonal variations in the radiation regime within an oak-hickory forestAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 33, 177-191.
D. D. Baldocchi; D. R. Matt; B. A. Hutchison; R. T. McMillen. 1984. Solar radiation in an oak-hickory forest : an evaluation of extinction coefficients for several radiation components during fully-leafed and leafless periodsAgricultural and Forest Meteorology. 32, 307-322.
D. D. Richter; D. W. Johnson; D. E. Todd. 1983. Atmospheric sulfur deposition, neutralization and ion leaching in two deciduous forest ecosystemsJournal of Environmental Quality. 12, 263-270.
B. B. Hicks; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen; J. D. Womack; R. E. Shetter. 1983. Eddy fluxes of nitrogen oxides to a deciduous forest in complex terrainMeteorology of Acid Deposition Conference Proceedings"". 189-201.
R. J. Luxmoore. 1983. Water budget of an eastern deciduous forest standSoil Science Society of America Journal. 47, 785-791.
S. E. Lindberg; R. C. Harriss; R. R. Turner. 1982. Atmospheric deposition of metals to a forest canopyScience. 215, 1609-1611.
D. W. Johnson; D. W. Cole; F. W. Horng; H. Van Miegroet; D. E. Todd. 1981. Chemical characteristics of two forested ultisols and two forested inceptisols relevant to anion production and mobility.
R. J. Luxmoore; T. Grizzard; M. R. Patterson. 1981. Hydraulic properties of Fullerton cherty silt loamSoil Science Society of America Journal. 45, 692-698.
S. E. Lindberg; R. C. Harriss. 1981. The role of atmospheric deposition in an eastern United States deciduous forestWater Air and Soil Pollution. 16:1, 13.
B. A. Hutchison; D. R. Matt; R. T. McMillen. 1980. Effects of sky brightness distribution upon penetration of diffuse radiation through canopy gaps in a deciduous forestAgricultural Meteorology. 22, 137-147.
W. A. Hoffman; S. E. Lindberg; R. R. Turner. 1980. Precipitation acidity - the role of the forest canopy in acid exchangeJournal of Environmental Quality. 9:1, 95-100.
W. A. Hoffman; S. E. Lindberg; R. R. Turner. 1980. Some observations of organic-constituents in rain above and below a forest canopyEnvironmental Science and Technology. 14:8, 999.
S. E. Lindberg; R. C. Harriss; R. R. Turner; D. S. Shriner; D. D. Huff. 1979. Mechanisms and rates of atmospheric deposition of trace elements and sulfate to a deciduous forest watershed.
S. E. Lindberg; R. R. Turner; D. S. Shriner; T. Tamura; R. C. Harris. 1979. Mechanisms and rates of atmospheric deposition of trace- elements and sulfate to a forest canopyAbstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society. Apr, 190.
A. W. Andren; S. E. Lindberg. 1977. Atmospheric Input and Origin of Selected Elements in Walker Branch Watershed, Oak-Ridge, TennesseeWater Air and Soil Pollution. 8:2, 199-215.
N. T. Edward; W. F. Harris. 1977. Carbon cycling in a mixed deciduous forest floor.58Ecology. 431-437.
R. M. Cushman; J. W. Elwood; S. G. Hildebrand. 1977. Life-History and Production Dynamics of Alloperla-Mediana and Diplectrona-Modesta in Walker Branch, TennesseeAmerican Midland Naturalist. 98:2, 354-364.
H. H. Shugart; W. F. Harris; N. T. Edwards; B. S. Ausmus. 1977. Modeling of belowground processes associated with roots in deciduous forest ecosystemsPedobiologia. 17, 382-388.
C. E. Comiskey; G. S. Henderson; R. H. Gardner; F. W. Woods. 1977. Patterns of organic matter transport on Walker Branch WatershedWatershed Research in Eastern North America: A workshop to compare results. Volume 1. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies. 1, 439-467.
G. S. Henderson; W. F. Harris; D. E. Todd, Jr.; T. Grizzard. 1977. Quantity and chemistry of throughfall as influenced by forest type and seasonJournal of Ecology. 65, 364-374.
T. L. Cox; W. F. Harris; B. S. Ausmus; N. T. Edwards. 1977. The role of roots in biogeochemical cycles in eastern deciduous forestsThe Belowground Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Plant Associated Processes. 321-326.
S. E. Lindberg; R. R. Turner; N. M. Ferguson; D. Matt. 1977. Walker Branch Watershed element cycling studies: Collection and analysis of wetfall for trace elements and sulfateWatershed Research in Eastern North American. 125-150.
W. F. Harris; P. Sollins; N. T. Edwards; B. E. Dinger; H. H. Shugart. 1975. Analysis of carbon flow and productivity in a temperate deciduous forest ecosystemProductivity of World Ecosystems. 116-122.
D. F. Grigal; T. Grizzard. 1975. Analysis of Litterfall in a Deciduous Forest on Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee - Data Stratification by 2 Alternative MethodsAmerican Midland Naturalist. 94:2, 361-369.
S. E. Lindberg; A. W. Andren; R. J. Raridon; W. Fulkerson. 1975. Mass balance of trace elements in Walker Branch Watershed: relation to coal-fired steam plantsEnvironmental Health Perspectives. 12, 9-18.
J. D. Sheppard; G. S. Henderson; T. Grizzard; M. T. Heath. 1973. Hydrology of a forested catchment: Water balance from 1969 to 1972 on Walker Branch Watershed.
D. E. Reichle; N. T. Edwards. 1973. IBP-Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome - Oak Ridge SiteModeling Forest Ecosystems. EDFB/IBP-73-7. 151-201.
Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory. 1972. Daily, monthly, and annual climatological data for Oak Ridge, Tennessee, townsite and area stations. January 1951 through 1971ATDL Report 61.
G. S. Henderson. 1972. Litter biomass and nutrient contents in four forest stands on Walker Branch Watershed.
D. F. Grigal; R. A. Goldstein. 1971. An integrated ordination-classification analysis of an intensively sampled oak-hickory forestJournal of Ecology. 59, 481-492.

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